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Injury - Sprains

A sprain is an injury to the ligaments around a joint. Ligaments are strong, flexible structures that hold bones together. When a ligament is stretched too far or tears, the joint will become painful and swell.

Causes

Sprains are caused when a joint is forced to move into an unnatural position. For example, "twisting" one's ankle causes a sprain to the ligaments around the ankle.

Symptoms

·         Joint pain or muscle pain

·         Swelling

·         Joint stiffness

·         Discoloration of the skin, especially bruising

First Aid

·         Apply ice immediately to reduce swelling. Wrap the ice in cloth. Do not place ice directly on the skin.

·         Wrap a bandage around the affected area firmly, but not tightly, to limit movement. Use a splint if necessary.

·         Keep the swollen joint raised about your heart, even while sleeping.

·         Rest the affected joint for several days.

Pain relievers can help. DO NOT give aspirin to children.
Keep pressure off the injured area until the pain goes away. This usually takes 7-10 days for mild sprains and several weeks for severe ones. Your doctor may recommend crutches. Physical therapy will help you regain motion and strength of the injured area.

When to see a doctor

·         You think you have a broken bone

·         The joint appears out of position

·         You have a serious injury or severe pain

·         You hear a popping sound and have immediate difficulty using the joint

Call your doctor for an appointment if:

·         Swelling does not start to go away within 2 days

·         You have symptoms of infection, including red, warm, painful skin or a fever over 100°F

·         The pain does not go away after several weeks

Prevention

The following steps may lower your risk of a sprain:

·         Wear protective footwear during activities that place stress on your ankle and other joints.

·         Make sure that shoes fit your feet properly.

·         Avoid high-heeled shoes.

·         Always warm-up and stretch prior to exercise and sports.

·         Avoid sports and activities for which you have not trained.

Head injury

A head injury is any trauma that injures the scalp, skull, or brain. The injury may be only a minor bump on the skull or a serious brain injury.
Head injuries include:

·         Concussion, the most common type of traumatic brain injury, in which the brain is shaken

·         Scalp wounds

·         Skull fractures

Head injuries may cause bleeding:

·         In the brain tissue

·         In the layers that surround the brain

Causes

·         Accidents at home, work, outdoors, or while playing sports

·         Falls

·         Physical assault

·         Traffic accidents

Symptoms

The symptoms of a head injury can occur right away, or develop slowly over several hours or days. Even if the skull is not fractured, the brain can bang against the inside of the skull and be bruised. The head may look fine, but problems could result from bleeding or swelling inside the skull.
In any serious head trauma, the spinal cord is also likely to be injured.
Some head injuries cause changes in brain function. This is called a traumatic brain injury. Concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury. Symptoms of a concussion can range from mild to severe. 

First Aid

Learning to recognize a serious head injury and give basic first aid can save someone's life.
Get medical help right away if the person:

·         Becomes very drowsy

·         Behaves abnormally

·         Develops a severe headache or stiff neck

·         Loses consciousness, even briefly

·         Vomits more than once

For a mild head injury, no treatment may be needed. However, the symptoms of a serious head injury can show up later. As a result:

·         Friends or family may need to watch adults who have been injured after they are released from the emergency room or office.

·         Parents or caregivers of children will need to learn how to watch the child after a head injury, and know when the child can go back to being active and taking part in sports.

DO NOT

·         Do NOT wash a head wound that is deep or bleeding a lot.

·         Do NOT remove any object sticking out of a wound.

·         Do NOT move the person unless absolutely necessary.

·         Do NOT shake the person if he or she seems dazed.

·         Do NOT remove a helmet if you suspect a serious head injury.

·         Do NOT pick up a fallen child with any sign of head injury.

·         Do NOT drink alcohol within 48 hours of a serious head injury.

When to see a doctor

·         There is severe head or face bleeding

·         The person is confused, tired, or unconscious

·         The person stops breathing

·         You suspect a serious head or neck injury, or the person develops any signs or symptoms of a serious head injury

Prevention

·         Always use safety equipment during activities that could cause a head injury. These include seat belts, bicycle or motorcycle helmets, and hard hats.

·         Learn and follow bicycle safety recommendations.

·         Do NOT drink and drive, and do NOT allow yourself to be driven by someone who you know or suspect has been drinking alcohol or is impaired in another way.

Injury - Bruise

A bruise is an area of skin discoloration. A bruise occurs when small blood vessels break and leak their contents into the soft tissue beneath the skin.
Bruises can last from days to months, with the bone bruise being the most severe and painful.

Causes

Bruises are often caused by falls, sports injuries, car accidents, or blows received by other people or objects.
If you take a blood thinner, like aspirin or warfarin, you are likely to bruise more easily.

Symptoms

The main symptoms are pain, swelling, and skin discoloration. The bruise begins as a pinkish red color that can be very tender to touch. It is often difficult to use the muscle that has been bruised. For example, a deep thigh bruise is painful when you walk or run.
Eventually, the bruise changes to a bluish color, then greenish-yellow, and finally returns to the normal skin color as it heals.

First Aid

1.       Place ice on the bruise to help it heal faster and to reduce swelling. Place the ice in a cloth -- DO NOT place ice directly on the skin. Apply the ice for up to 15 minutes per hour.

2.       Keep the bruised area raised above the heart, if practical. This helps keep blood from pooling in the bruised tissue.

3.       Try to rest the bruised body part by not overworking your muscles in that area.

4.       If needed, take medicine to help reduce pain.

Don’ts

·         DO NOT attempt to drain the bruise with a needle.

·         DO NOT continue running, playing, or otherwise using the painful, bruised part of your body.

·         DO NOT ignore the pain or swelling.

When to see a doctor

Call your health care provider immediately if you feel extreme pressure in a bruised part of your body, especially if the area is large or very painful. This may be due to a condition known as "compartment syndrome." Increased pressure on the soft tissues and structures beneath the skin can decrease the supply of blood and oxygen to the tissues. This is potentially life threatening and you should receive emergency care promptly.
Also call your doctor if:

·         You are bruising without any injury, fall, or other reason.

·         There are signs of infection around the bruised area including streaks of redness, pus or other drainage, or fever.